Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely utilized in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) due to their remarkable mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and hydrophobicity. This study analyzes the performance of PVDF membranes in an MBR system by assessing key parameters such as permeate flow rate, rejection of organic matter and microorganism

Hollow fiber membranes have emerged as a popular technology in membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems due to their distinct structural properties. These fibers, characterized by a semi-permeable hollow core and a dense outer layer, provide a large surface area for biofilmformation and optimized separation of contaminants. The enhanced permeability achie